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Why fandoms are online safespaces and how excessive censorship can affect them.

Summary:

As a thank you to the fandoms who have guided me and supported me through the toughest times in my life, I dedicate my master's thesis to the community.
This work is an academic exploration of fandom history, its socio-political role, its meaning among marginalised communities and the dangers of excessive online censorship.

This work is finished as of 15/08/2024.
However feel free to leave comments to contribute to its evolution.

Notes:

Chapter 1: Intro and lexicon

Summary:

A Lexicon of most fandom terms and all terms used within this work.

Notes:

(See the end of the chapter for notes.)

Chapter Text

 

About the author:

 

Ethnicity: white European, Belgian and Greek. 
Date of birth: 20th of December 1998. 
Gender Identity: Transmasculine Non-Binary (He/Him)
Sexuality: Asexual. 
Romantic attraction: Aromantic. 
Years of activity in fandoms as of August 2024: 12.
Favourite playlist:

 

 

Lexicon:

 

! = The Exclamation Mark or 'Bang' Symbol -- refers to a short form for expressing the presence of a particular trait or defining quality of a character in a story. One which is usually not part of the original canon characterization, or is at least an extreme interpretation of the canon characterization. Most often written in the format of trait first and character's name last, with the symbol in between. (For example: Trans!Steve From Stranger things, implying Steve Harrington is not Transgender in the official media, but he is here. Another example could be; Hijabi!Princess Diana, or Immortal!Patroclus. Anything is possible).


A/A = Action/Adventure -- refers to a genre of stories featuring a plot with a fair amount of physical action.

 

Abandoned -- refers to a story in which the author has either chosen not to or otherwise been unable to finish writing the story to a final conclusion. Abandoned fics are likely to remain permanently incomplete, unless offered up for adoption by another author to finish. See also: WIP (Work In Progress)



Adult -- refers to the presence of graphic or explicit sexual content and/or violence; must be 18 years or older to read. See also: Het and/or Slash


Alpha/Beta/Omega (A/B/O) Dynamics
-- refers to a growing trope of AUs originated in kinkmemes in which characters can be Alphas (dominant males or females), Betas (ordinary working class), or Omegas (submissive males or females). Exact details vary, but similar themes of mating, heat cycles, knotting, and mpreg are fairly universal. May contain elements of BDSM, and are often generally high in kink factors.

 

A/N = Author's Notes -- refers to an author's personal notes about the story, writing experience, or whatever else the author wants to talk to their readers about. Usually included before the beginning, or sometimes after the end, of a fic or chapter. Author's notes embedded within a story are generally viewed as distracting, pointless, and unwelcome, unless used in crackfiction, which is purposefully silly and wherein Author's notes are more appreciated.

 

Angst -- refers to a genre of stories with prevalent physical or, mainly, emotional torment of characters. Most stories with an angst description contain significant levels of characters feeling emotions such as fear, anxiety, or sadness. Such fics may also be designed to elicit such emotions in the readers.

Anon (-ymous) -- refers to someone, either author or reader, who does not wish their identity to be revealed. Often shortened to Anon. When multiple anonymous users are posting, may be distinguished by using such terms as Same Anon (SA), Different Anon (DA) or New Anon (NA). See also: OP (Original Poster/Post)

Anthropomorfic -- refers to stories in which inanimate objects, non-sentient creatures, or abstract concepts are anthropomorphized by giving them thoughts, feelings, and behaviors for fanfic purposes.

 

Arc (Myth- or Story-) -- refers to an extensive overarching plot theme that extends throughout a story or series, either as the primary plot thread or (usually) running continuously within the background. May be originated as part of the original canon, especially among dramas, or developed purely in an author's on-going fanwork.

 

Archive -- refers to a collection of stories by multiple different authors in one easy-to-browse location. Major fandom archives often host thousands of stories of every imaginable variety. Many archives are also multifandom or even themed, such as Crossover archives. Fanfiction.Net is the largest archive ever in existence, and thus the first archive most new readers discover. While admittedly a great starting place for delving into a new fandom, it is by no means the only (or often best!) archive for many varieties of fandoms or genres. More specialised archives can generally be found by a quick Google search of the name of your fandom/pairing/preference with either the word "archive" or "fanfiction" beside it. AO3 for example is a massive fan created archive, widely considered as the best and most well organised.

 

AU = Alternate Universe -- refers to a story of which there is a (often major) plot, setting, or character deviation away from established canon. AUs may be anything, but there are some themes that are quite common in a variety of fandoms such as Historical AUs, Animal AUs, Highschool AUs, and/or Modern AUs, for example.

 

Badfic -- refers to stories written in a deliberately horrible manner as a special type of Parody story, one usually only done as a Challenge.

 

BAMF = Bad Ass Mother Fucker -- refers to a character who is particularly awesome and impressive. Often expressed by the BAMF character being extremely clever, effective, and hard to defeat. BAMFs may be male or female, stereotypically heroic or unexpectedly amazing, consistently so or just during brief moments.

 

Bashing -- refers to a practice in which an author or reader who does not like a character or pairing consciously or unconsciously demonstrates their hatred for the character/pairing within the story.

 

Beta (-'d, -read, or -reader) -- refers to having someone knowledgeable in writing etiquette edit a story prior to posting. It can also simply mean a friend or an online Beta has read and checked your story, not specifically someone with writing experience, to check for inconsistencies as an exterior point of view. A famous quote in fandom is “No Beta, we die like men” , meaning an unchecked work of writing of which the author completely assumes the consequences of, which originates from a viral car bumper sticker citing “No Airbags, we die like men”. The phrase has since been modified countless times to adapt the name of any character who dies within the media you are writing about. For example if one were to write a fanfiction about the Iliad, the tags could say “No Beta, we die like Patroclus”.

 

Big Bang -- refers to a special kind of ficathon event in which authors sign-up to write long stories or novels by a certain date and are paired up with fanartists who make accompanying artwork for their stories. Length requirements for Big Bang challenges can range anywhere from a minimum of 10,000 words up to 50,000 word novels, and often produce epics well past those minimums. (A "Reverse Big Bang" is the same thing just switched around, with authors creating novels based upon submitted fanart.)

 

BNF = Big Name Fan -- refers to a fan (usually an author or other prominent contributor to the fandom) who has become so well known within the fandom that they have gained power over it.

 

Canon -- refers to elements established by the original source material (TV show, book, movie, etc...) itself for either plot, setting, or character developments. The official details, as it were.

 

Casefile -- refers to a certain type of plot element in a mystery or action storyline which involves the procedural investigation of a case. Most frequently used in fact-based fandoms, such as crime or medical shows.

 

Character Death -- refers to stories in which a major or minor canon character dies during the story.

 

Con = Short form of "Convention" -- refers to real-life gatherings of fans, sometimes officially endorsed (with official guests!), sometimes not, but gathering together to meet and exchange over a period of several days.

 

Concrit = Constructive Criticism -- refers to a specific type of feedback in which polite, helpful suggestions or edits are offered to improve the quality of a story.

 

Cosplay = Costume Play -- refers to a type of performance art in which fans dress up as characters, often in meticulously hand-made costumes.

 

Crack (-fic) -- refers to stories in which completely ridiculous, unbelievable or insane things occur, often without reasonable explanation but great enjoyment.

 

Crossover (or X-over) -- refers to stories in which the characters, premises, or settings of more than one fandom coincide. Crossovers may consist of a complete blending of universes or only a slight, passing connection

 

ER = Established Relationship -- refers to stories featuring characters already involved in an established romantic or sexual relationship prior to the beginning of the story. The opposite of a first time fic.

 

Fanart -- refers to original illustrations and/or photo manipulations featuring fandom-related characters, settings, premises, etc... based on the original source material, but created by a fan. It is a form of transformative work designed as an expression of appreciation and exploration of the canon material.

 

Fandom -- refers to the fan-based community dedicated to a particular TV show or other cult-inducing medium, including movies, books, music, comics, and any other canon source material. The term "fandom" can be used to represent either the fans and the multitude of ways in which they follow and enjoy the original source material, or as a generic way of referring to the original source material that supports a fan-based community itself. Fandom includes both the internet presence and real-life existence, and is expressed in many ways including websites, mailing lists, archives, fanart, fanfic, Cons, etc...

 

Fanfic (-tion) -- refers to derivative creative stories featuring the characters, settings, premises, etc... based on the original source material, but written by a fan. It is a form of transformative work designed as an expression of appreciation and exploration of the canon material.

 

Fanon -- refers to common plot or character elements that were not established by the original source material, but are generally accepted to be true by the fans anyway. These are the un-official details. Fanon concepts have often become so prevalent in the fandom that their origins (which fan came up with the idea first) are no longer remembered. Example: In The Sentinel fandom, the minor canon character of Detective Rafe was never given a first name. Fanon, however, assigned him the name of Brian and it stuck.

 

Fan Service -- refers to scenes or moments within the original canon source material that are deliberate nods to the fans, such as in-jokes or bonus scenes that most fans can immediately recognize as being targeted to them rather than just the general viewer audience. Fan service indicates that the canon's creators and/or actors are aware of and appreciate their fans' dedication and they wish to acknowledge it in some form by catering to their fans' preferences.

 

Fix-It -- refers to a specific type of alternate universe story in which the author attempts to correct or rewrite something that they feel the original canon should not have done or failed to do properly. Often, such fics will follow the canon right up to the certain critical point, but then go off in whatever other direction the author decides would be best to prevent or ameliorate whatever error they believe the canon produced. Fix-its are often written in response to unwanted plot points within the canon, such as a beloved character's sudden death, or to cover over obvious plot holes that the canon missed.

 

Fluff -- refers to stories or scenes in which there is no angst or, often, any real plot-advancement either. Fluff fics tend to be short and sweet, with little to no depth, but often quite comforting to read. May also indicate scenes of pleasant, happy non-action (like domesticity) in a larger, more complex work.

 

H/C = Hurt/Comfort -- refers to the presence of emotional or physical angst of one character followed by emotional or physical comfort by another. A proper H/C story contains enough 'comfort' to equal or out-weigh the amount of 'hurt' experienced; if not, then the story qualifies as angst more so than H/C, if not full whump.

 

Hiatus -- refers to a break of weeks or months between episodes of a television show, usually between seasons/series or over holidays. Authors may also take hiatuses from writing to prevent or recover from burning out. A hiatus does not mean the show or story is cancelled or abandoned, merely temporarily postponed. For an example look towars famous youtubers Dan and Phil.

 

m/f = Male/Female -- refers to a heterosexual relationship involving a man and a woman. See also: Het



m/m = Male/Male -- refers to a homosexual relationship involving two men. See also: Slash

 

f/f = Female/Female -- refers to a homosexual relationship involving two women. 

 

Major Character -- refers to the main cast of characters in a story or canon work

 

Meta (-fic) -- refers to stories in which certain meta-like qualities apply. The term "meta" itself refers to something that is abstracted about itself, like a fanfic about fanfic. It is used as both a prefix and an adjective. In fic, this includes stories which break the "fourth wall" between fiction and reality, and stories which are written as thinly-veiled commentaries on fandom or real life existence. Will often be humourous or crackfic, but can be quite serious as well.

 

Minor Character -- refers to the secondary cast of characters in a story or canon work. Unlike the major characters, usually only a bare minimum of details are known about minor characters as they are not often given much focus in the canon source.

 

Mpreg = Male Pregnancy -- refers to stories featuring a male character capable of conceiving and/or carrying a child within their own body. May or may not include the birth as well. Obviously considered AU, but often contain some kind of acceptable reasoning or explantion for the male becoming pregnant. This can frequently be a squick (something that displeases) for many people, so should be listed in the author's warnings.

 

Multimedia -- refers to stories containing other forms of media than just prose to tell the story. May include pictures, videos, and/or audio files.

 

NSFW = Not Safe For Work -- refers to stories or images that contain elements, usually of an explicitly sexual nature, that make them inappropriate to be opened in a public domain such as one's place of employment.

 

OOC = Out-Of-Character -- refers to the fact that the characterizations used by an author are not those established by canon standards. Personality development flaws may be deliberate or accidental, for the better or (more likely) detriment to the story. Please note that even the most fantastical of AUs can be written with the characters still in-character, if one is careful. 

 

OC = Original Character -- refers to a non-canon character created by the author that is featured prominently in the story. May be male or female, and either a major or minor character in comparison to the canon characters.

 

OFC = Original Female Character -- refers to a female character created by the author that is featured prominently in the story. 

 

OMC = Original Male Character -- refers to a male character created by the author that is featured prominently in the story.

 

Omega (-verse or Alpha/Beta/Omega (A/B/O) or Alpha/Omega) -- refers to a growing trope of AUs originated in kinkmemes in which characters can be Alphas (dominant males or females), Betas (ordinary working class), or Omegas (submissive males or females). Exact details vary, but similar themes of mating, heat cycles, knotting, and mpreg are fairly universal. May contain elements of BDSM or abuse, and are often generally high in kink factors. Omegas are frequently rarer in the population than Alphas or Betas, and thus often considered the bottom rung in the social hierarchy. Can often be written as an analogy for how women are treated in real life societies, though they can represent any oppressed minority  depending on how the author decides to use the trope and develop it in their universe.

OTP = One True Pairing -- refers to an author's preferred relationship pairing between certain characters within a fandom. 

 

Porn (or Smut) -- refers to stories or scenes of graphic sex, in which any plot or character development that also occurs is incidental to the sex itself. The term "smut" is most often used to denote adult stories containing an m/f relationship rather than slash (m/m) stories, while the term "porn" (or "pr0n" in L33t Speak) goes either way, however they are synonymous and interchangeable.

 

Prompt -- refers to a story idea issued in the desire that it will spawn a plotbunny and inspire an author to write a fanfic. May consist of as little as one word, a phrase or quote, or be more detailed scenarios even listing preferred pairings and/or kinks. See also: Plotbunny

 

PWP = Plot? What Plot? -- refers to stories with a defining charactertistic of little to absolutely no plot. May be vignettes, character studies or, most frequently, pure sex. Due to the latter, the term is in the process of evolving to also mean Porn Without Plot.



Rarepair -- refers to a pairing combination that is not often seen in a given fandom and has only a few dedicated fans who ship it. Often features minor canon characters rather than the main cast members, though it may consist of a major character paired with a minor character as well. May also include rare crossover pairings.

 

Rec = Recommendation -- refers to a story written by another author that a reader considers to be especially good and worth suggesting to other fans in order to share the love.

 

Rule 34 -- refers to one of the Rules Of The Internet originally coined as a 4chan meme which essentially states: "If it exists, there is porn of it." In fandom, this rule means that if a fan can conceive of a topic, be it kink or pairing or whatever else have you, someone else has likely already written it. If not, the corollary Rule 35 states that such porn will soon be created.

 

Rule 63 -- refers to one of the Rules Of The Internet originally coined as a 4chan meme which essentially states: "For any given male character, there is a female version of that character." In fandom, this rule is the reason for the prevalence of the Genderswap trope, be it the 'sudden-sex-change' or 'always-a-girl' variation on the theme. It also applies to the opposite of female characters rewritten/redrawn as males too.

 

Self-Insert -- refers to a story that features an original character who deliberately and purposefully represents the author, for they have actually written themselves directly into the story to interact with the characters. Some self-inserts may be written from the second-person POV to allow any Reader to imagine themselves as the character as well. Most often used for humour, as a parody or to provide commentary, but may also be done seriously. Authors who insert themselves into the story need to be careful not to cross the very thin line that separates their original character from a Mary-Sue, the idealized and non-realistic representation of what the author wishes to be. A feat that is no small challenge.

 

Slash -- refers to the presence of a homosexual relationship featuring at least one canon character. May or may not include graphic or explicit sexual content. Derived from the "/" used to indicate the specific characters paired off; orignated by Kirk/Spock (of Star Trek) slash over 40 years ago. Male/male homosexual content is always known as "slash", while female/female homosexual content may also be known as "femslash" or "femmeslash".

 

Tag (-fic or Episode Tag) -- refers to a, usually, short story that picks up from the end of a canon episode and adds to or fleshes out the episode in whole or in part. May also refer to the hyperlinked keywords or phrases used by many sites to categorize, describe, or label fanfics or posts. User tags are as varied as the imagination allows, but generally offer some useful description of the story's content.

 

TL;DR = Too Long; Didn't Read 

 

Whump -- refers to stories in which physical or emotional pain is heaped on a favourite character, often repeatedly and brutally. Very similar to Hurt/Comfort, but differentiated mainly by motive: H/C fics exist to provide one character the chance to offer comfort to the injured one, whereas whump fics are usually written more for the sheer pleasure of seeing the whumpee battered and bruised. Different from Angst fics because whumped characters don't really suffer physically for all they are hurt by a gleeful author. Whump will more generally be used for emotional suffering reather than physical, meaning  angst and whump can be similar but also vastly different. Sometimes however, the two terms are used as each other, so they can get mixed up.

 

'Zine = Short form of "Fanzine" -- refers to fanfiction stories published and sold or traded in printed hard-copy format or CD-ROM (ie: E-Zines) by individual authors or independant fan-created publishers. Costs vary, but are usually non-profit -- all proceeds tend to go directly to covering the costs of printing and binding the 'zines. Often include fan-created illustrations ('Fanart') and never-before-seen stories. Prior to the Internet and the World Wide Web, zine printing and selling was the dominant method of circulating fanworks around the planet, either by mailing through the postal system or trading in person when fans gathered at Cons. These practices do continue today with many fandoms and authors, and there are still several good zine publishers to help new authors get their work printed (ex: Agent With Style) if they are interested in experiencing this alternate format for story distribution. Traditionally, zine-published stories will not become available to the net until at least one year after the zine has been released, if ever.

 

-Terms originating from Manga and Anime culture, most popular in the early 2000’s:

 

Lemon -- refers to the presence of graphic or explicit sexual content, either heterosexual or homosexual in nature. Lemons are usually more vanilla than hentai porn. Originated in and most common to anime fandoms only, but has popped up occasionally in other fandoms.

 

Lime -- refers to the presence of light or mild sexual content, either heterosexual or homosexual in nature. Originated in and most common to anime fandoms only, but has popped up occasionally in other fandoms. Usually rated PG13

 

Seme -- refers to the dominant character in a sexual, and usually male homosexual (m/m), relationship. In other words, the 'top' of the pairing. Japanese term, originated in and most common to anime fandoms only, but has popped up occasionally in other fandoms. See also: Yaoi



Uke -- refers to the submissive character in a sexual, and usually male homosexual (m/m), relationship. In other words, the 'bottom' of the pairing. Japanese term, originated in and most common to anime fandoms only, but has popped up occasionally in other fandoms. See also: Yaoi



Yaoi -- refers to the presence of a male homosexual (m/m) relationship. Japanese term, originated in and most common to anime fandoms only, but has popped up occasionally in other fandoms. In non-anime fandoms, the term 'Slash' is standard and generally considered more appropriate. May be referred to as Shōnen-ai (Boy's Love) if not explicit. This can frequently be a squick for many people, so should be listed in the author's warnings. See also: m/m and/or Slash



Yuri -- refers to the presence of a female homosexual (f/f) relationship. Japanese term, originated in and most common to anime fandoms only, but has popped up occasionally in other fandoms. In non-anime fandoms, the terms 'Fem(me)slash' or 'Slash' are standard and generally considered more appropriate. May be referred to as Shōjo-ai (Girl's Love) if not explicit. This can frequently be a squick for many people, so should be listed in the author's warnings. See also: f/f and/or Slash



Notes:

All definitions found retrieved from:
-Urban dictionary, july 28 : Sister in divorce. (s. d.). Urban Dictionary. https://www.urbandictionary.com
-Fandom 101 : Terminology | fandom in the academy. (s. d.). Fandom In The Academy |. https://www.charityfowler.com/terminology/
-Fanfiction terminology. (s. d.). Angelfire : Welcome to Angelfire. https://www.angelfire.com/falcon/moonbeam/terms.html
And modified or edited to fit more recent development or modification of the definitons, or peer review.